Upton Sinclair
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| Born | Upton Beall Sinclair Jr. September 20, 1878 Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. |
| Died | November 25, 1968 (aged 90) Bound Brook, New Jersey, U.S. |
| Occupation | Novelist, writer, journalist, political activist, politician |
| Alma mater | City College of New York |
| Notable works | The Jungle |
| Spouse |
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| Signature |  |
Upton Beall Sinclair Jr. (September 20, 1878 – November 25, 1968) was an American writer who wrote nearly 100 books and other works in several genres. Sinclair's work was well known and popular in the first half of the 20th century, and he won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1943.
In 1906, Sinclair acquired particular fame for his classic muck-raking novel The Jungle, which exposed labor and sanitary conditions in the U.S. meatpacking industry, causing a public uproar that contributed in part to the passage a few months later of the 1906 Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act. In 1919, he published The Brass Check, a muck-raking exposé of American journalism that publicized the issue of yellow journalism and the limitations of the "free press" in the United States. Four years after publication of The Brass Check, the first code of ethics for journalists was created. Time magazine called him "a man with every gift except humor and silence". He is also well remembered for the line: "It is difficult to get a man to understand something, when his salary depends upon his not understanding it." He used this line in speeches and the book about his campaign for governor as a way to explain why the editors and publishers of the major newspapers in California would not treat seriously his proposals for old age pensions and other progressive reforms.
Many of his novels can be read as historical works. Writing during the Progressive Era, Sinclair describes the world of industrialized America from both the working man's and the industrialist's points of view. Novels such as King Coal (1917), The Coal War (published posthumously), Oil! (1927), and The Flivver King (1937) describe the working conditions of the coal, oil, and auto industries at the time.
The Flivver King describes the rise of Henry Ford, his "wage reform" and his company's Sociological Department, to his decline into antisemitism as publisher of The Dearborn Independent. King Coal confronts John D. Rockefeller Jr., and his role in the 1913 Ludlow Massacre in the coal fields of Colorado.
Sinclair was an outspoken socialist and ran unsuccessfully for Congress as a nominee from the Socialist Party. He was also the Democratic Party candidate for Governor of California during the Great Depression, running under the banner of the End Poverty in California campaign, but was defeated in the 1934 elections.
Early life and education
Sinclair was born in Baltimore, Maryland, to Upton Beall Sinclair Sr. and Priscilla Harden Sinclair. His father was a liquor salesman whose alcoholism
shadowed his son's childhood. Priscilla Harden Sinclair was a strict
Episcopalian who disliked alcohol, tea, and coffee. Both of Upton
Sinclair's parents were of English ancestry, and all of his ancestors
emigrated to America from England during the late 1600s and early 1700s.
As a child, Sinclair slept either on sofas or cross-ways on his
parents' bed. When his father was out for the night, he would sleep
alone in the bed with his mother.
Sinclair did not get along with her when he became older because of her
strict rules and refusal to allow him independence. Sinclair later told
his son, David, that around Sinclair's 16th year, he decided not to
have anything to do with his mother, staying away from her for 35 years
because an argument would start if they met.
His mother's family was very affluent: her parents were very prosperous
in Baltimore, and her sister married a millionaire. Sinclair had
wealthy maternal grandparents with whom he often stayed. This gave him
insight into how both the rich and the poor lived during the late 19th
century. Living in two social settings affected him and greatly
influenced his books. Upton Beall Sinclair, Sr., was from a highly
respected family in the South, but the family was financially ruined by
the Civil War, disruptions of the labor system during the Reconstruction era, and an extended agricultural depression.
As he was growing up, Upton's family moved frequently, as his
father was not successful in his career. He developed a love for reading
when he was five years old. He read every book his mother owned for a
deeper understanding of the world. He did not start school until he was
10 years old. He was deficient in math and worked hard to catch up
quickly because of his embarrassment. In 1888, the Sinclair family moved to Queens, New York, where his father sold shoes. Upton entered the City College of New York five days before his 14th birthday, on September 15, 1892. He wrote jokes, dime novels, and magazine articles in boys' weekly and pulp magazines to pay for his tuition. With that income, he was able to move his parents to an apartment when he was seventeen years old.
He graduated in June 1897 and studied for a time at Columbia University.
His major was law, but he was more interested in writing, and he
learned several languages, including Spanish, German, and French. He
paid the one-time enrollment fee to be able to learn a variety of
things. He would sign up for a class and then later drop it. He again supported himself through college by writing boys' adventure stories and jokes. He also sold ideas to cartoonists.
Using stenographers, he wrote up to 8,000 words of pulp fiction per
day. His only complaint about his educational experience was that it
failed to educate him about socialism.
After leaving Columbia, he wrote four books in the next four years;
they were commercially unsuccessful though critically well-received: King Midas (1901), Prince Hagen (1902), The Journal of Arthur Stirling (1903), and a Civil War novel titled Manassas (1904).
Upton became close with Reverend William Wilmerding Moir. Moir
specialized in sexual abstinence and taught his beliefs to Sinclair. He
was taught to "avoid the subject of sex." Sinclair was to report to Moir
monthly regarding his abstinence. Despite their close relationship,
Sinclair identified as agnostic.
Career
Upton Sinclair early in his career
Upton Sinclair considered himself a poet and dedicated his time to writing poetry. In 1904, Sinclair spent seven weeks in disguise, working undercover in Chicago's meatpacking plants to research his novel, The Jungle
(1906), a political exposé that addressed conditions in the plants, as
well as the lives of poor immigrants. When it was published two years
later, it became a bestseller. In the spring of 1905, Sinclair issued a
call for the formation of a new organization, a group to be called the Intercollegiate Socialist Society.
Upton Sinclair wearing a white suit and black armband, picketing the Rockefeller Building in New York City
With the income from The Jungle, Sinclair founded the utopian—but non-Jewish white only—Helicon Home Colony in Englewood, New Jersey. He ran as a Socialist candidate for Congress. The colony burned down under suspicious circumstances within a year.
In 1913–1914, Sinclair made three trips to the coal fields of Colorado, which led him to write King Coal and caused him to begin work on the larger, more historical The Coal War.
In 1914, Sinclair helped organize demonstrations in New York City
against Rockefeller at the Standard Oil offices. The demonstrations
touched off more actions by the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and the Mother Earth group, a loose association of anarchists and IWW members, in Rockefeller's hometown of Tarrytown.
The Sinclairs moved to California in the 1920s and lived there
for nearly four decades. During his years with his second wife, Mary
Craig, Sinclair wrote or produced several films. Recruited by Charlie Chaplin, Sinclair and Mary Craig produced Eisenstein's ¡Qué viva México! in 1930–32.
Other interests
Aside from his political and social writings, Sinclair took an interest in occult phenomena and experimented with telepathy. His book Mental Radio (1930) included accounts of his wife Mary's telepathic experiences and ability. William McDougall read the book and wrote an introduction to it, which led him to establish the parapsychology department at Duke University.
Political career
Sinclair
broke with the Socialist party in 1917 and supported the war effort. By
the 1920s, however, he had returned to the party.
In the 1920s, the Sinclairs moved to Monrovia, California, near Los Angeles, where Sinclair founded the state's chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union. Wanting to pursue politics, he twice ran unsuccessfully for United States Congress on the Socialist ticket: in 1920 for the House of Representatives and in 1922 for the Senate. He was the party candidate for governor of California in 1930, winning nearly 50,000 votes.
During this period, Sinclair was also active in radical politics
in Los Angeles. For instance, in 1923, to support the challenged free speech rights of Industrial Workers of the World, Sinclair spoke at a rally during the San Pedro Maritime Strike, in a neighborhood now known as Liberty Hill. He began to read from the Bill of Rights and was promptly arrested, along with hundreds of others, by the LAPD. The arresting officer proclaimed: "We'll have none of that Constitution stuff".
In 1934, Sinclair ran in the California gubernatorial election as a Democrat. Sinclair's platform, known as the End Poverty in California movement (EPIC), galvanized the support of the Democratic Party, and Sinclair gained its nomination. Gaining 879,000 votes made this his most successful run for office, but incumbent Governor Frank Merriam defeated him by a sizable margin, gaining 1,138,000 votes.
Hollywood studio bosses unanimously opposed Sinclair. They pressured
their employees to assist and vote for Merriam's campaign, and made
false propaganda films attacking Sinclair, giving him no opportunity to
respond.
Upton Sinclair
Sinclair's plan to end poverty quickly became a controversial issue
under the pressure of numerous migrants to California fleeing the Dust Bowl. Conservatives considered his proposal an attempted communist
takeover of their state and quickly opposed him, using propaganda to
portray Sinclair as a staunch communist. Sinclair had been a member of
the Socialist Party from 1902 to 1934, when he became a Democrat, though
always considering himself a Socialist in spirit.
The Socialist party in California and nationwide refused to allow its
members to be active in any other party including the Democratic Party
and expelled him, along with socialists who supported his California
campaign. The expulsions destroyed the Socialist party in California.
At the same time, American and Soviet communists disassociated themselves from him, considering him a capitalist. In later writings, such as his antialcohol book The Cup of Fury, Sinclair scathingly censured communism. Science-fiction author Robert A. Heinlein was deeply involved in Sinclair's campaign, although he attempted to move away from the stance later in his life. In the 21st century, Sinclair is considered an early American democratic socialist.
After his loss to Merriam, Sinclair abandoned EPIC and politics to return to writing. In 1935, he published I, Candidate for Governor: And How I Got Licked, in which he described the techniques employed by Merriam's supporters, including the then popular Aimee Semple McPherson, who vehemently opposed socialism and what she perceived as Sinclair's modernism.
Sinclair's line from this book "It is difficult to get a man to
understand something, when his salary depends upon his not understanding
it" has become well known and was for example quoted by Al Gore in An Inconvenient Truth.
Of his gubernatorial bid, Sinclair remarked in 1951:
The American People will take Socialism, but they won't take the label. I certainly proved it in the case of EPIC. Running on the Socialist ticket I got 60,000 votes, and running on the slogan to 'End Poverty in California' I got 879,000. I think we simply have to recognize the fact that our enemies have succeeded in spreading the Big Lie. There is no use attacking it by a front attack, it is much better to out-flank them.
Personal life
Sinclair's grave in Rock Creek Cemetery, Washington, DC
In April 1900, Sinclair went to Lake Massawippi in Quebec to work on a novel. He had a small cabin rented for three months and then he moved to a farmhouse.
Here, he met his first wife, Meta Fuller, and they became close. She
was three years younger than he and had aspirations of being more than a
housewife. Sinclair gave her direction as to what to read and learn. Fuller had been a childhood friend whose family was one of the First Families of Virginia. Each had warned the other about themselves and would later bring that up in arguments. They married on October 18, 1900.
They used abstinence as their main form of birth control. Fuller became
pregnant shortly after they married and attempted to abort it multiple
times. The child was born on December 1, 1901, and named David. Meta and her family tried to get Sinclair to give up writing and get "a job that would support his family." Around 1911, Meta left Sinclair for the poet Harry Kemp, later known as the "Dunes Poet" of Provincetown, Massachusetts.
In 1913, Sinclair married Mary Craig Kimbrough (1883–1961), a woman from an elite Greenwood, Mississippi, family. She had written articles and a book on Winnie Davis, the daughter of Confederate States of America President Jefferson Davis. He met her when she attended one of his lectures about The Jungle.
In the 1920s, the Sinclair couple moved to California. They were
married until her death in 1961. Sinclair married again, to Mary
Elizabeth Willis (1882–1967).
Sinclair was opposed to sex outside of marriage and he viewed marital relations as necessary only for procreation. He told his first wife Meta that only the birth of a child gave marriage "dignity and meaning".
Despite his beliefs, he had an adulterous affair with Anna Noyes during
his marriage to Meta. He wrote a novel about the affair called Love's Progress, a sequel to Love's Pilgrimage. It was never published. His wife next had an affair with John Armistead Collier, a theology student from Memphis; they had a son together named Ben.
In his novel, Mammonart, he suggested that Christianity was a religion that favored the rich and promoted a drop of standards. He was against it.
Late in life Sinclair, with his third wife Mary Willis, moved to Buckeye, Arizona. They returned east to Bound Brook, New Jersey. Sinclair died there in a nursing home on November 25, 1968, a year after his wife. He is buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, D.C., next to Willis.
Writing
Sinclair
devoted his writing career to documenting and criticizing the social
and economic conditions of the early 20th century in both fiction and
nonfiction. He exposed his view of the injustices of capitalism and the
overwhelming effects of poverty among the working class. He also edited
collections of fiction and nonfiction.
The Jungle
His novel based on the meatpacking industry in Chicago, The Jungle, was first published in serial form in the socialist newspaper Appeal to Reason, from February 25, 1905, to November 4, 1905. It was published as a book by Doubleday in 1906.
Upton Sinclair selling the "Fig Leaf Edition" of his book Oil! (1927) in Boston
Sinclair had spent about six months investigating the Chicago meatpacking industry for Appeal to Reason,
the work which inspired his novel. He intended to "set forth the
breaking of human hearts by a system which exploits the labor of men and
women for profit". The novel featured Jurgis Rudkus, a Lithuanian immigrant
who works in a meat factory in Chicago, his teenaged wife Ona
Lukoszaite, and their extended family. Sinclair portrays their
mistreatment by Rudkus' employers and the wealthier elements of society.
His descriptions of the unsanitary and inhumane conditions that
workers suffered served to shock and galvanize readers. Jack London called Sinclair's book "the Uncle Tom's Cabin of wage slavery". Domestic and foreign purchases of American meat fell by half.
Sinclair wrote in Cosmopolitan in October 1906 about The Jungle: "I aimed at the public's heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach."
The novel brought public lobbying for Congressional legislation and
government regulation of the industry, including passage of the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act. At the time, President Theodore Roosevelt characterized Sinclair as a "crackpot", writing to William Allen White,
"I have an utter contempt for him. He is hysterical, unbalanced, and
untruthful. Three-fourths of the things he said were absolute
falsehoods. For some of the remainder there was only a basis of truth." After reading The Jungle, Roosevelt agreed with some of Sinclair's conclusions, but was opposed to legislation that he considered "socialist".
He said, "Radical action must be taken to do away with the efforts of
arrogant and selfish greed on the part of the capitalist."
The Brass Check
In The Brass Check (1919), Sinclair made a systematic and incriminating critique of the severe limitations of the "free press" in the United States. Among the topics covered is the use of yellow journalism techniques created by William Randolph Hearst. Sinclair called The Brass Check "the most important and most dangerous book I have ever written."
Sylvia novels
- Sylvia (1913) was a novel about a Southern girl. In her autobiography, Mary Craig Sinclair said she had written the book based on her own experiences as a girl, and Upton collaborated with her. She asked him to publish it under his name. When it appeared in 1913, The New York Times called it "the best novel Mr. Sinclair has yet written–so much the best that it stands in a class by itself."
- Sylvia's Marriage (1914), Craig and Sinclair collaborated on a sequel, also published by John C. Winston Company under Upton Sinclair's name. In his 1962 autobiography, Upton Sinclair wrote: "[Mary] Craig had written some tales of her Southern girlhood; and I had stolen them from her for a novel to be called Sylvia."
I, Governor of California, and How I Ended Poverty
This
was a novel he published in 1934 as a preface to running for office in
the state of California. In the book he outlined his plans to run as a
Democrat instead of a Socialist, and describes his climb to the
Democratic nomination, and then subsequent victory by a margin of
100,000 votes.
Lanny Budd series
Between
1940 and 1953, Sinclair wrote a series of 11 novels featuring a central
character named Lanny Budd. The son of an American arms manufacturer,
Budd is portrayed as holding in the confidence of world leaders, and not
simply witnessing events, but often propelling them. As a sophisticated
socialite who mingles easily with people from all cultures and socioeconomic classes, Budd has been characterized as the antithesis of the stereotyped "Ugly American".
Sinclair placed Budd within the important political events in the
United States and Europe in the first half of the 20th century. An
actual company named the Budd Company manufactured arms during World War II, founded by Edward G. Budd in 1912.
The novels were bestsellers upon publication and were published
in translation, appearing in 21 countries. The third book in the series,
Dragon's Teeth (1942), won the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel in 1943. Out of print and nearly forgotten for years, ebook editions of the Lanny Budd series were published in 2016.
The Lanny Budd series includes:
- World's End, 1940
- Between Two Worlds, 1941
- Dragon's Teeth, 1942
- Wide Is the Gate, 1943
- Presidential Agent, 1944
- Dragon Harvest, 1945
- A World to Win, 1946
- Presidential Mission, 1947
- One Clear Call, 1948
- O Shepherd, Speak!, 1949
- The Return of Lanny Budd, 1953
Other works
Sinclair
was keenly interested in health and nutrition. He experimented with
various diets, and with fasting. He wrote about this in his book, The Fasting Cure (1911), another bestseller.
He believed that periodic fasting was important for health, saying, "I
had taken several fasts of ten or twelve days' duration, with the result
of a complete making over of my health".
Sinclair favored a raw food diet of predominantly vegetables and
nuts. For long periods of time, he was a complete vegetarian, but he
also experimented with eating meat. His attitude to these matters was
fully explained in the chapter, "The Use of Meat", in the
above-mentioned book.
Representation in popular culture
President Lyndon B. Johnson greets Upton Sinclair as others look on.
- Sinclair is featured as one of the main characters in Chris Bachelder's satirical novel, U.S.! (2005). Repeatedly, Sinclair is resurrected after his death and assassinated again, a "personification of the contemporary failings of the American left". He is portrayed as a quixotic reformer attempting to stir an apathetic American public to implement socialism in America.
- Sinclair Lewis refers to Sinclair and his EPIC plan in Lewis' novel, It Can't Happen Here (1935).
- Joyce Carol Oates refers to Sinclair and his first wife, Meta, in her novel The Accursed (2013).
- Sinclair is extensively featured as a figure in Harry Turtledove's American Empire trilogy (2001–2003) as part of the Southern Victory Series, an alternate history in which the American Socialist Party succeeds in becoming a major force in U.S. politics. This follows two humiliating military defeats to the Confederate States, the United Kingdom, and France and the post-1882 collapse of the Republican Party, with former president Abraham Lincoln leading a large number of Liberal Republicans into the Socialist Party. Sinclair wins the 1920 and 1924 presidential elections and becomes the first Socialist President of the United States. He was also the 28th president in the timeline. On March 4, 1921, his inauguration attended by crowds of jubilant militants waving red flags. However, his policies as portrayed by Turtledove are not particularly radical. Sinclair served as president until 1929, when his Vice President Hosea Blackford is elected in 1928 and becomes the 30th president.
- Sinclair appears in T.C.Boyle's novel The Road to Wellville (1993), which is built around a historical fictionalization of John Harvey Kellogg, the inventor of Corn Flakes and the founder of the Battle Creek Sanitarium. In the book, Sinclair and his first wife, Meta, appear as patients at the Sanitarium. Later, Kellogg is outraged when he discovers that another of his patients has been fasting after reading a typescript of Sinclair's The Fasting Cure.
Films
- The Jungle (1914) is a silent film adaptation of the 1906 novel, with George Nash playing Jurgis Rudkus and Gail Kane playing Ona Lukozsaite. The film is considered lost. Sinclair appears at the beginning and end of the film as a form of endorsement.
- The Wet Parade (1932) is a film adaptation of Sinclair's eponymous 1931 novel, directed by Victor Fleming and starring Lewis Stone, Walter Huston, Dorothy Jordan, Neil Hamilton, Robert Young, and Jimmy Durante. Myrna Loy appears very briefly as an actress who runs an elegant speakeasy.
- Walt Disney Productions adapted The Gnomobile (1937) into the 1967 musical motion picture The Gnome-Mobile.
- Oil! (1927) was adapted as the film There Will Be Blood (2007), starring Daniel Day-Lewis and Paul Dano, and written, produced, and directed by Paul Thomas Anderson. The film received eight Oscar nominations and won two.
Works
Fiction
- Courtmartialed – 1898
- Saved By the Enemy – 1898
- The Fighting Squadron – 1898
- A Prisoner of Morro – 1898
- A Soldier Monk – 1898
- A Gauntlet of Fire – 1899
- Holding the Fort – 1899
- A Soldier's Pledge – 1899
- Wolves of the Navy – 1899
- Springtime and Harvest – 1901, reissued the same year as King Midas
- The Journal of Arthur Stirling – 1903
- Off For West Point – 1903
- From Port to Port – 1903
- On Guard – 1903
- A Strange Cruise – 1903
- The West Point Rivals – 1903
- A West Point Treasure – 1903
- A Cadet's Honor – 1903
- Cliff, the Naval Cadet – 1903
- The Cruise of the Training Ship – 1903
- Prince Hagen – 1903
- Manassas: A Novel of the War – 1904, reissued in 1959 as Theirs be the Guilt
- A Captain of Industry – 1906
- The Jungle – 1906
- The Overman – 1907
- The Industrial Republic – 1907
- The Metropolis – 1908
- The Moneychangers – 1908, reprinted as The Money Changers
- Samuel The Seeker – 1910
- Love's Pilgrimage – 1911
- Damaged Goods – 1913
- Sylvia – 1913
- Sylvia's Marriage – 1914
- King Coal – 1917
- Jimmie Higgins – 1919
- Debs and the Poets – 1920
- 100% - The Story of a Patriot – 1920
- The Spy – 1920
- They Call Me Carpenter: A Tale of the Second Coming – 1922
- The Millennium – 1924
- The Goslings A Study Of The American Schools – 1924
- The Spokesman's Secretary – 1926
- Money Writes! – 1927
- Oil! – 1927
- Boston, 2 vols. – 1928
- Mountain City – 1930
- Roman Holiday – 1931
- The Wet Parade – 1931
- American Outpost – 1932
- The Way Out (novel) – 1933
- Immediate Epic – 1933
- The Lie Factory Starts – 1934
- The Book of Love – 1934
- Depression Island – 1935
- Co-op: a Novel of Living Together – 1936
- The Gnomobile – 1936, 1962
- Wally for Queen – 1936
- No Pasaran!: A Novel of the Battle of Madrid – 1937
- The Flivver King: A Story of Ford-America – 1937
- Little Steel – 1938
- Our Lady – 1938
- Expect No Peace – 1939
- Marie Antoinette (novel) – 1939
- Telling The World – 1939
- Your Million Dollars – 1939
- World's End – 1940
- World's End Impending – 1940
- Between Two Worlds – 1941
- Dragon's Teeth – 1942
- Wide Is the Gate – 1943
- Presidential Agent – 1944
- Dragon Harvest – 1945
- A World to Win – 1946
- A Presidential Mission – 1947
- A Giant's Strength – 1948
- Limbo on the Loose – 1948
- One Clear Call – 1948
- O Shepherd, Speak! – 1949
- Another Pamela – 1950
- Schenk Stefan! – 1951
- A Personal Jesus – 1952
- The Return of Lanny Budd – 1953
- What Didymus Did – UK 1954 / It Happened to Didymus – US 1958
- Theirs be the Guilt – 1959
- Affectionately Eve – 1961
- The Coal War – 1976
Autobiographical
- The Autobiography of Upton Sinclair. With Maeve Elizabeth Flynn III. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World, 1962.
- My Lifetime in Letters. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1960.
- The Cup of Fury – 1956
Non-fiction
- Good Health and How We Won It: With an Account of New Hygiene (1909) – 1909
- The Fasting Cure – 1911
- The Profits of Religion – 1917
- The Brass Check – 1919
- The McNeal-Sinclair Debate on Socialism – 1921
- The Book of Life – 1921
- The Goose-Step – 1923
- Mammonart. An essay on economic interpretation. – 1925
- Letters to Judd, an American Workingman – 1925
- Mental Radio: Does it work, and how? – 1930, 1962
- Upton Sinclair Presents William Fox – 1933
- We, People of America, and how we ended poverty : a true story of the future – 1933
- I, Governor of California - and How I Ended Poverty – 1933
- The Epic Plan for California – 1934
- I, Candidate for Governor - and How I Got Licked – 1935
- Epic Answers: How to End Poverty in California (1935) – 1934
- What God Means to Me – 1936
- Upton Sinclair on the Soviet Union – 1938[80]
- Letters to a Millionaire – 1939
Drama
- Plays of Protest: The Naturewoman, The Machine, The Second-Story Man, Prince Hagen – 1912
- The Pot Boiler – 1913
- Hell: A Verse Drama and Photoplay – 1924
- Singing Jailbirds: A Drama in Four Acts – 1924
- Bill Porter: A Drama of O. Henry in Prison – 1925
- The Enemy Had It Too: A Play in Three Acts – 1950
As editor
